The Economics of Poverty in American Society Essay examples

Living in the United States, many of us do not think about poverty too much. Most people in the United States are above poverty level. They do not think about the less fortunate of America. Economics is the main factor of poverty in American Society, and more specifically, macroeconomics since it deals with the aggregate economy. To understand poverty and the poverty level, we need to see how the United States determines the poverty level each year. The United States Department of Agriculture in 1955 determined that one third of the income level for a family of three or more was spent on food. Thus, multiply the amount of income spent on food for the year by three and you approximately have the poverty level. If a family’s income falls†¦show more content†¦By age, 16.2 percent were under the age of eighteen, 9.4 percent were between 18 and 64, and 10.2 percent were 65 and over. Location of the family is also a determinant of poverty with the inner cities holding 16.1 percent of the poverty-stricken while only 7.8 percent lived in the suburbs. To bring this to more present data, the poverty level for a family of four in 2002 is $18,100. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The United States government has many programs to help combat poverty. The main program is through welfare. The welfare program is where money is given to applicable recipients whose household assets are below the federal or state mandated limits. This is to help them get back on their feet again. The Food Stamp program is where stamps are offered to be used on food goods only. This can help alleviate cash flow problems and allow families to save their money. The program Temporary Assistance for Needy Families was created in 1996 by the Welfare Reform Law. They provide assistance to needy families and also help with job opportunities. Another program is Supplemental Security Income, affiliated with the Social Security Program. The program is for the elderly, blind, or disabled people with little or no income. They provide money for food, clothes, and shelter to those qualifying. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Poverty is a problem in macroeconomics for many reasons. Unemployment affects the United States by putting a burden on the government for supportShow MoreRelatedHow Poverty Causes The Greatest Suffering On Humans1144 Words   |  5 PagesOrganization described that poverty causes the greatest suffering on humans. Poverty leads to people living in a state of financial instability that causes both physical and emotional stress. The problem of poverty has continued to be a problem to both the developing and the developed countries all over the world. The main focus in this paper is on poverty in America and how it affects the American economy. The paper will also find ways to reduce poverty, the new faces of poverty and how it affects theRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Society1352 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty is a current social problem that is relevant to American society. Being an impoverished individual in this society places the individual and his or h er family at a major disadvantage. According to the United States Census Bureau, 45.3 million American citizens lived in poverty in 2013. Poverty has an impact on society as well as the individual. Higher rates of poverty could lead to higher criminal activity. Individuals who are not sufficiently financially supported will most likely turn toRead MorePoverty In A Raisin In The Sun1413 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic and societal poverty are the key forms of poverty highlighted in the three-act play, A Raisin in the Sun. Lorraine Hansberry, the playwright, discusses the hardships of African-Americans attempting to emerge in society in the 1950’s. The play is staged in ways where the audience can grasp the trifles of an African-American family continuously experiencing setbacks whilst attempting to achieve their notion of the â€Å"American Dream†. To Walter Lee Younger, his idea of the â€Å"American Dream†Read MoreEffects Of Poverty On The United States Essay1 436 Words   |  6 PagesWorld poverty is a complex global issue that varies depending on where you live. Many Americans in recent years acquiring the needs for shelter, food, and clothing is becoming more difficult to obtain the necessities of survival. Unless there is a cultural and behavioral change in our society regarding world poverty, poverty rates will continue to rise. Poverty is affecting thousands of people in the United States; this impact is changing the quality of life for families. These effects on familiesRead MoreBusiness Ethics Study Poerty in America1612 Words   |  7 PagesWeek 3 Case Study 3.3 Poverty in America Stacey Curry Business Ethics Upper Iowa University Professor Kalai McHan TRY TO TURN POVERTY TO POSITIVE In the time of the Great Depression back in 1930’s, where a time where four million Americans had fallen into poverty. Then in 2008 the economy experienced a serious economic meltdown crisis and recession, at this time 44 million adults now live below the poverty line officially defined as an income below $10,830 for a single adult or less thanRead MorePoverty Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is poverty? Poverty is the indicator of individual socio-economic status. Socioeconomic status measures individual income and merit within society. The topic poverty is a serious issue that should not be taken for granted. People from the vulnerable population are often forgotten about within society. As the researcher, one’s objective is to highlight the social issue poverty, demographics, and impact. As well the measurements used to calculate poverty. Why is poverty an issue of significanceRead MoreThe Social Policy Welfare Programs1343 Words   |  6 Pagesapproaches the is sue. In particularly, Russell explains how poverty is measured, poverty reduction, and the politics of poverty reduction. Research shows that poverty has been a social problem for over five decades in America. During the 1960’s, the issue of poverty was first identified as a social problem and countless efforts have been made to eradicate poverty in the United States. In 1964, the Kennedy-Johnson administration declared a â€Å"War on Poverty† after the publication of Michael Harrington’s bookRead MoreLiberal Individualism And The American Welfare System1324 Words   |  6 PagesLiberal individualism generally functioned as the essential model focusing on the American welfare. Davies’ book called â€Å"From Opportunity to Entitlement† monitors the shifting from opportunity liberalism to entitlement liberalism during President Johnson’s war on poverty. Davies gives careful consideration to the political and authoritative battles of the 1960 ’s, particularly in the course of seeing the American welfare system differently. There were several important historical events and circumstancesRead MoreFactors of Poverty1288 Words   |  6 PagesFactors of Poverty No one universally accepted definition of poverty exists because it is a complex and multifaceted phenomena. Poverty is borne out of economic factors that include a lack of access to secure employment, insufficient income, and a lack of assets, especially that of real-estate. There are social structural elements and psychological factors that both contribute to, and have a tendency of perpetuating poverty. While both of these contribute to poverty they are very differentRead MoreThe Socialization Of Poverty : America1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe Socialization of Poverty Imagine America different from what we know. A different yet real America, which existed in the past, an American governed by hate and cruelty, fully equipped with racial segregation policies. Imagine parents, struggling for their children s education but being denied access because of the color of their skin. Imagine constant disapproval, crime, and suspicions towards someone because of their status, or something beyond their control. Today, we find America changed

Cognitive Theories of Human Development Essay - 1183 Words

Cognitive Theories of Human Development Jean Piaget, known as the most important theorist; started the most comprehensive theory of intellectual development. Piaget was born in 1896, in Neuchatel Switzerland, and lived a full and significant life, he passed away at age 84. His father was a medieval historian, and his mother was a homemaker; she was highly emotional and her behavior disrupted the normalcy of their home. Piaget married Valentine Chatenay, and they soon welcomed three girls; Jacqueline, Lucienne, and Laurent. The Paiget’s spent much of their time observing the girls childhood development. Paiget’s success began early in life. At the age of 10 years, Piaget published an article about a sparrow. By the age of 21†¦show more content†¦He was said to be a Marxist who believed that we can understand human beings only in the context of the social-historical environment. Believing that his life would be cut short, he began to research diligently. Many of his writings were published—not long after his death, only to be banned in 1936 by the Soviet Government; the ban lasted until 1956. The Communist Party condemned his research, however, his colleagues and students have kept his work alive. Paiget and Vygotsky’s works have proved to be significant in the area of cognitive learning and human development. Cognitive theory is a learning theory of psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding thought processes. The assumption is that humans are logical beings who make choices that make the most sense to them. Information processing, is a commonly used description of the mental process, comparing the human mind to a computer. Piaget believed that the mind does not simply respond to stimuli and consequences, but instead grows, changes, and adapts to the world. A key factor in the learning process is that the individual is an active participant. Piaget claimed that cognitive development is at the center of human-beings, and their language is contingent on cognitive development. Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development are Sensorimotor intelligence (birth to two years), Preoperational (two years to seven years), Concrete operational (seven years to eleven or twelveShow MoreRelatedTheories on Human Learning and Cognitive Development in Young Children755 Words   |  4 PagesLearning is the keystone to American society. It has brought society trough times of economic darkness, religious revival and social instability. Learning has always been debated in the context of when does the learning start in human development, Is learning the result of nature taking its course as was argued by rationalist like Plato and Rene Descartes. According to (BeeBoyd, 2007) Rationalist view point on education is entrenched in the idea that ( â€Å"knowledge is inborn†). On the other end ofRead MoreUnderstanding Piaget Theory And Information Processing Theory1208 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy of Cognitive theories has many different aspects that have been debated man y years ago. Developmental psychologists try to explain cognitive development approaches which describe the process of human s thought. One of the developmental psychologist who studied on the area of cognitive was Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget a Swiss psychologist was the first developmental researcher who has extensive research on cognitive development. In addition, the revolution of Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory has changedRead MoreIdentifying the Components of Cognitivist Theories Used in, Kermit and the Keyboard.1488 Words   |  6 PagesLenora A. Mayne American Intercontinental University May 2013 EDU 622: Applying Learning Theories Identifying The Components of Cognitivist Theories used in, Kermit and The Keyboard. Abstract Cognitivism emphasizes on the explanation of cognitive structures and process, and the intervention of these structures and processes between instruction and learning (Glaserfeld, 1989). The study of cognitivism has allowed for educators, theorist and psychologist to understand the conceptsRead MoreThree Theories of Cognitive Development1674 Words   |  7 PagesThree Theories of Cognitive Development The Swiss psychologist and philosopher Jean Piaget (1896-1980) is well-known for his work towards the cognitive sciences. Arguably one of his most important contributions involves his theory of cognitive development. In this theory, thinking progresses through four distinct stages between infancy and adulthood. Similar in scope to Piaget’s theory is Information Processing, in which human thinking is based on both mental hardware and mental software (KailRead MorePiaget Of A Child s Brain Development Theory1057 Words   |  5 Pagesare constantly learning about new theories and expanding the knowledge on those that we already know, about the physical and mental development of Children. Through past and present theorists, we are shown whole new aspects of how a child develops to make up the being that they become. Through Piaget’s ‘Congnitive development theory’ we are shown the stages of a child’s brain development with a strong focus on the ages newborn – 11 years onwards. Piaget’s main theory is that children are able to constructRead MoreVygotskys Theory Of Cognitive Development1622 Words   |  7 Pages Learning Journal Entry 5 Theories of Cognitive Development (Vygotsky) Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky alleged that adults play a fundamental role in the development of children as they nurtured their learning in a premeditated way (McDevitt et al, 2013), rather than entrusting it to natural processes. Vygotsky also believed that language played a primary responsibility in a child’s development, while Piaget excluded this from his theory (McDevitt et al, 2013). The social experiencesRead MoreEssay about Human Growth and Development1057 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Growth and Development Peter Nyarkoh PSY/280 July 17, 2010 Khurshid Khan Human Growth and Development Human growth and the life span perspective begin from the day of conception and continue throughout the life span. It is a lifelong process which involves periods and domains of very great importance. Psychologist, sociologist, and others have done many researches into the life span of humans and have made various conclusions as to how humans behave at any given time in the life spanRead MoreThe Theory Of Developmental Psychology1644 Words   |  7 Pagesshows psychological changes in human being to birth to adulthood. It was first made to help infants and children, but now it has expanded to help the adolescence and adults just as well. Paul B. Baltes, has apply the six principles of human development, lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, gains and losses, contextual and historical, and multidisciplinary. There are several fields of developmental psychology like Adolescence, Attachment, Cognitive development, Education, and Parenting thatRead MorePsychosocial And Cognitiv e Learning Theories1354 Words   |  6 PagesPsychosocial and Cognitive learning are just a few of the theories that describe the makeup of human development and behavior. Psychosocial theories explore the relationship between the social environment and an individual’s psychological condition (Crawford and Hawford, 2011). Whilst Cognitive Learning Theory explains certain behavioral responses of people based on their understanding and mental representation of what is happening at the present time. This theory also explores a person’s everydayRead MoreEssay Kermit and Cognition1476 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity Online Abstract Cognitive Information Processing (CIP), Cognitive Development and Interactional Development are theories of learning based upon the idea that learning is an internal process rather than merely something that can be observed like behaviorism. Here I examine the three theories as they relate to a scenario of a young man attempting to learn to play a keyboard. The objective is to show the similarities and differences in the three theories and how each can be applied to

Developmentally Appropriate Environment Free Essays

For many years, teachers, parents and child care providers saw how young children learn through play. Studies of child development play, reading, and writing show that young children learn differently from adults. Young children must be active while they learn. We will write a custom essay sample on Developmentally Appropriate Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now They must experience first hand and in very real ways how things work, how spoken words can be written, and how reading helps them function in the world. Structured learning activities such as paper and pencil tasks, workbook pages, drill, and sitting and listening for long periods of time do not work for young children. The National Association for the Education of Young Children represents the early childhood profession. Their book on developmentally appropriate practice and accreditation criteria define quality programs for young children. Developmentally appropriate environments help children develop in all areas—physical, social, creative, emotional, and cognitive. No one area of development is more important than another in the early years of a child’s life. It is often not possible to separate children’s development in one area from another. For example, as a child masters a physical skill such as climbing, self-esteem grows. The new physical skill makes it possible for the child to learn more about the world and to interact with friends. Children use problem solving to learn and perfect each new mental, social or physical skill. This integrated approach to learning is one of the hallmarks of a developmentally appropriate program. Parents want a warm and loving person to care for their children. Research supports the importance of this relationship. Staff characteristics are the most important criteria for determining quality care. A trained provider will interact well with children because of her knowledge and expectations of behavior for that age group. A developmentally appropriate provider knows and works with each child as an individual. Individual children have their own interests that motivate their learning and good behavior. Developmentally appropriate programs value individual interests as strengths that help children learn In appropriate settings, teachers arrange learning centers in which small groups of children can work and play. These centers may be for different types of play: quiet, messy, and active. Most programs have an area for block building, art, water play, playing house, music, books, table toys, and games. For school-aged children, there is an area for doing homework or projects. What most adults remember from their own public school experiences will not be in a quality early childhood program. There are no individual desks where each child sits to listen to the teacher and do work. There is no large space where everyone has to do the same thing at the same time. Children can choose to be with a friend or alone. This increases success in getting along with others. They do not need to compete for materials or attention. It is easier to take turns. They learn to listen to others, express themselves, and eventually understand another person’s viewpoint.. The curriculum is everything that goes on throughout the day. Chances for learning occur during play and routines like snack, lunch and rest times. Children learn good health practices, positive social interactions, independence in self-care and decision making, as well as science, mathematics, music, art, language, and social studies. The caregiver plans learning activities after seeing the children’s interests and abilities. Children learn the same thing in a variety of activities. They learn a variety of things in one activity. For instance, learning colors can take place in art, through songs and stories, through table games, cooking activities, and in costumes for play. There is no need to have children sit down and teach them the color red all at one time. There are many opportunities throughout the day for children to learn about colors as they actively work with materials. The children who already know about colors are not bored. They attend to other things like shape. Trained child care teachers know that children grow according to predictable developmental patterns. They match activities to the children’s age and stage. For instance, children younger than three will have difficulty sharing. To reduce the conflicts over toys, a teacher provides more than one of each toy. The teachers model sharing as they work together. When a child does share, the teachers consistently compliment and encourage the child’s sharing. In an inappropriate program, the adults would impose sharing before children are developmentally ready to share, then they punish children for not sharing. This results in frustration, behavior problems and unhappiness for children, parents and staff. Look for activities planned for an individual child. For example, you told the teachers that your family goes camping on weekends. The teacher puts out a tent, sleeping bags and picnic supplies for the children to use in play. A caregiver will provide musical instruments and recorded music for a child who shows an interest in music. After a child has been in the hospital, the teacher puts books and objects related to hospitals in the classroom for the children to use. The child can tell others about the experience and play through fears and concerns. Individual children and their families feel valued when these activities relate to their interests and cultural backgrounds. A trained provider will not rush children to be ready for the next stage of development. Living this year fully is more important than getting an early start on next year’s curriculum. Children with diverse interests and learning styles do not experience boredom and frustration when the program offers creative activities and challenges so children can learn at their own pace. How to cite Developmentally Appropriate Environment, Papers

Allocation of Profit Rental Property †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Allocation of Profit Rental Property. Answer: Introduction: The overall issue that could be identified from the case is that allocation of profit from the rental property which is jointly owned by two owners.There are different types of laws that need to be evaluated such as Section 51 of the ITAA 1997, Taxation rulings of TR 93/32, and F.C. of T. v McDonald (1987). The above identified laws and cases could eventually help in solving the current situation of the co owners of rental property. As per the taxation rulings of TR 93/32, all the relevant provisions that needs to be conducted by co owners of rental property for dividing the income or loss are adequately depicted. The situation directly indicates that Jackie Chan title to 10% of the overall profit value, while Jill is entitled to 90% of the property value. However, the taxation ruling mai1nly states the overall taxable position of the co owners responsible for selling the property (ROBIN, 2017). However there are two different types of ownership pattern that need to be followed under Taxation rulings TR 92/32. Taxation ruling directly indicates that co-ownership is mainly considered as partnership in terms of income tax, which in general laws, is not considered.However, partnership in general laws mainly indicates that are relevant business practices needs to be conducted by the partners. Therefore, under the taxation ruling and only for taxation purposes Jack and Jill could show the rental properties as Partnership. Hence, Jack and Jill will hold the property as joint renters, which could help in supporting the common factor for income tax purpose. Moreover, the case F.C. of T. v McDonald (1987) 18 ATR 957, directly states that Agreement between taxpayers wife and legal authority for owning the property as joint renters. Therefore, any kind of game from there and field property will be distributed as 75% for Mrs McDonald and 25% for McDonald. Consequently, from the evaluation of Jack and Jill case it could be understood that they are joint renters, where any kind of loss or profit from the sale of property will be entertained according to the share (Milton, 2013). However, this overall joint ownership does not account for any kind of partnership business between Jack and Jill, as per the taxation ruling and court case. IRC v Duke of Westminster [1936] AC 1 is mainly one of the regularly quoted tax avoidance measure, which is used by taxpayers in Australia. The principle of the relevant case directly indicates that Taxpayers are able to establishment principle from which they are allowed to reduce tax liability. This type of ruling mainly attracted for maximum of the taxpayers, as they allow reducing the tax liability by making adequate agreements with appropriate authority. Adequate cases could be evaluated such as WT Ramsay v. IRC principle, where the court was mainly restrictive regarding the leniency provided to taxpayers. However this case directly indicated that transaction was rearranged and did not show the form of commercial purposes, where directly indicates that the perfect rule for imposing tax was when transaction had been conducted (Kenny, 2013). However, under different situation there are relevant principles that are used in Australia by individuals, which secure their overall inland revenues and do not force them to pay higher tax due to increased revenue. This also allows the organisation structure adequate financial agreements, which directly helps in decreasing the tax liability and fixing your objectives, which in turn provides structure within structure of laws. The main issue that could be identified from the evaluation of the question is the sale of field Timber under the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936.Moreover, for the evaluation of the Income-Tax adequate laws are used such as Subsection 6 (1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 and McCauley v/s The Federal Commissioner of Taxation. These identified laws could eventually help in detecting the relevant Income Tax that needs to be paid. The evaluation of the case it could be identified that build own a large piece of land where several Pine trees grow, But you wants to use the land for grazing sheeps, which needs a cleared forest. Therefore, Bill discovers a Lodging company that could pay him $1,000 for every 100 M of timber situated in it premises. Bring company could eventually clear out the whole forest and provide adequate come to Bill for the timbers. Under the taxation ruling of 95/6, it directly indicates that Income Tax consequence is generated from any kind of activities conduct ed in production and forestry (Barton, 2013). Under the subsection 6(1) Income tax assessment act 1936, individuals who are indulging forest operation are mainly considered as primary creator, where adequate Income Tax needs to be imposed on Revenue generation. The trees planted in the land for not conducted by Bill, but in one instance or other relevant receipt of money is conducted, which indicates that relevant tax needs to be paid. Under different circumstances have a lump sum amount of $50,000 is received by Bill and provide right to the logging organisation for removing all the relevant timber. This could directly resulted royalties under the section 26(f) receipt of loyalties. Under these circumstances, Bill will not be considered as trader for the forest operations. As from the start he did not plan to sell the trees for gaining profit from the overall endeavour. As per McCauley v/s The Federal Commissioner of Taxation, All the Income will be considered under taxation law (Barkoczy, 2016). Therefore, it could be understood that the cutting of timber is considered as a taxable income under subsection 6 (1) of the ITAA 1997. Reference List: Barkoczy, S., 2016. Foundations of Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Barton, 2013. Management of the Australian Taxation Office's property portfolio. ACT: Australian National Audit Office. Kenny, P. 2013.Australian tax 2013. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Milton, 2013. The taxpayers' guide 2013 2014. Qld.: Wrightbooks. ROBIN, H., 2017.AUSTRALIAN TAXATION LAW 2017. OXFORD University Press. Woellner, R. 2013.Australian taxation law select 2013. North Ryde, N.S.W.: CCH Australia.

John Adams †Composer in 20th Century

Profile of Hannibal, Romes Greatest Enemy

Profile of Hannibal, Romes Greatest Enemy Hannibal (or Hannibal Barca) was the leader of the military forces of Carthage that fought against Rome in the Second Punic War. Hannibal, who almost overpowered Rome, was considered Romes greatest enemy. Birth and Death Dates Its  unknown, but Hannibal was thought to have been born in 247 BCE and died 183 BCE. Hannibal did not die when he lost the war with Rome years later, he committed suicide by ingesting poison. He was at Bithynia, at the time, and in danger of being extradited to Rome. [39.51]....Finally [Hannibal] called for the poison which he had long kept in readiness for such an emergency. Let us, he said, relieve the Romans from the anxiety they have so long experienced, since they think it tries their patience too much to wait for an old mans death....Livy Main Victories of Hannibal Against Rome Hannibals first military success, in Saguntum, in Spain, precipitated the Second Punic War. During this war, Hannibal led the forces of Carthage across the Alps with elephants and achieved surprising military victories. However, when Hannibal lost at the Battle of Zama, in 202, Carthage had to make heavy concessions to the Romans. Fleeing North Africa for Asia Minor Sometime after the end of the Second Punic War, Hannibal left North Africa for​ Asia Minor. There he helped Antiochus III of Syria fight Rome, unsuccessfully, at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 B.C. Peace terms included surrendering Hannibal, but Hannibal fled to Bithynia. Hannibal Uses Snaky Catapults In the 184 BCE battle between King Eumenes II of Pergamon (r. 197-159 BCE) and King Prusias I of Bithynia in Asia Minor (c.228-182 BCE), Hannibal served as commander of the Bithynian fleet. Hannibal used catapults to hurl pots filled with poisonous snakes into the enemy ships. The Pergamese panicked and fled, allowing the Bithynians to win. Family and Background Hannibals full name was Hannibal Barca. Hannibal means joy  of Baal. Barca means lightning. Barca is also spelled Barcas, Barca, and Barak. Hannibal was a son of Hamilcar Barca (d.228 BCE), the military leader of Carthage during the First Punic War in which he was defeated in 241 BCE Hamilcar developed a base for Carthage in southern Spain, which helps explain the geography and transalpine adventure of the Second Punic War. When Hamilcar died, his son-in-law Hasdrubal took over, but when Hasdrubal died, 7 years later, in 221, the army-appointed Hannibal general of the forces of Carthage in Spain.​ Why Hannibal Was Considered Great Hannibal retained his reputation as a formidable opponent and great military leader even after Carthage lost the Punic Wars. Hannibal colors the popular imagination because of his treacherous trek with elephants across the Alps to face the Roman army. By the time the Carthaginian troops had finished the mountain crossing, he had about 50,000 troops and 6000 horsemen with which to face and defeat the Romans 200,000. Although Hannibal ultimately lost the war, he managed to survive in enemy land, winning battles for 15 years. Source The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, by Philip A G Sabin; Hans van Wees; Michael Whitby; Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Dicussion 13 703 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dicussion 13 703 - Assignment Example I have discovered this from the fact that the framework I am using in studying my clinical problem has been and can be used in many other studies that will deal with different issues. Additionally, I have learnt that it is possible to harmonize knowledge from different disciplines in one compressed tool such as the one I am using my project. To continue growing in knowledge, I will endeavor to keep conducting scholarly research in order to acquire new insight into different nursing ideas. Additionally, I will seek to read and review scholarly studies conducted by other nurses. To apply the knowledge I shall acquire in a clinical setting, I shall use nursing guidance manuals and code of ethics in order to delimit the scope of the application. To evaluate the translation of that knowledge to see if it is effective, I shall try it on different clinical problems checking the ones in which it work and the ones it does not. Finally, I shall request my peers to help in reviewing its successes and shortcomings in order to uphold objectivity in evaluation (Marlaine,

The Constitutional Issues Raised by City of London versus Samede Essay

The Constitutional Issues Raised by City of London versus Samede [2012] EWHC 34 (QB) - Essay Example The counsels for the claimant were David Forsdick and Zoe Leventhal (instructed by Andrew Colvin, the Comptroller and City Solicitor, City of London Corporation) while John Cooper QC and Michael Paget (instructed by Kaim Todner) were Samede’s counsels (Practical Law Publishing Limited, P. 1). The City of London Corporation made claims before the Royal Court that the said protestors had possessed and turned into a protest camp, the highway and the Churchyard at the St. Paul Cathedral. In the claim, the City of London Corporation also sought an injunction ordering that the tents and other structures erected at the said site by the protestors be removed (DeLaney, P. 7). The City of London thus claimed authority of the campsite and the surrounding land, citing various Acts of Parliament such as the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, the Local Government Act 1972 and the Local Government Act 2000. There are numerous constitutional issues touching on the defendants and the claimant that arose in the Samede versus City of London Corporation (2012), some of which this paper explores. The Constitutional Issues in the Case The scope of the claim placed by the City of London Corporation covered two types of land: the highway and the open land under St. Paul’s Cathedral’s ownership. ... Among the constitutional issues that were immediately identified in the case was whether the City of London Corporation had established beyond reasonable doubt that it was entitled to possess the land under question (DeLaney, P. 5). In this regard therefore, upon considering any chances of interfering with the rights of the protestors (defendants), the Court would not err in granting the City of London the possession of the highway land. That is, the court had to ensure that granting the City of London possession of the land would not only be lawful but also necessary and proportionate (Practical Law Publishing Limited, P. 23). Central in the City of London versus Samede and others (2012) were the various relevant statutory laws and powers that govern possession and injunctive relief. First, these statutory powers mandate local highway authorities to ensure the protection of the rights of the public to use and enjoy the highway and all the services it offers. According to section 130 (5) of the 1980 Act, and under section 222 of the 1972 Act, such an authority may institute any legal proceedings against an individual or groups that interfere with the public’s rights and freedom to enjoy and use such a facility. Human Rights Issues Human rights issues also featured prominently in the City of London versus Samede and others case. Among these human rights issues are rights and freedom of religion, thought and conscience, as provided for in Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (Folsom, P. 67). In other words, every citizen or community has the right and the freedom to change religion and practise it in public or in private, alone or with others. In addition, there is freedom and right to manifest one’s religion through means such

Describe the ways that airports can prepare for and respond to Essay

Describe the ways that airports can prepare for and respond to aircraft accidents - Essay Example Set up and train emergency response team. This team is trained specifically to deal with emergencies in the airport while waiting for an external help from specialized teams like fire fighters who will take charge of the situation once they arrive. Have an onsite medical facility. The advantage of having an onsite medical facility in place is that the airport can perform first aid procedures on the affected persons so that their condition can be stabilized before they are transferred for further treatment outside the airport facilities. Have an onsite medics and fire fighters. Medical personnel and fire fighters have been trained and are always ready to respond to any emergency so long as it is within their control. Their presence in the airport facility is an assurance enough to travelers that their safety has been taken care of. In conclusion, a successful response of the airport during an accident is determined on how prepared they are and this can be gained by following the above guidelines in addition to the practices laid down by the airport

Frida Kahlo and Niki de Saint Phalle Comparison

Frida Kahlo and Niki de Saint Phalle Comparison Introduction Emotional sufferings are part of humans life. People are overwhelmed by them leading to desperation or even to the acting out of these emotions in a destructive way. Finding a way to cope with these emotions is important. This could be done by various means playing music, doing sports and especially by doing art. I choose the research question: How do Frida Kahlo and Niki de Saint Phalle cope with their emotional sufferings by doing art? because of two reasons. First of all, I researched artists who dealt with their emotions artistically. I became especially interested in Frida Kahlo an artist of Mexican origin as I am partly Mexican and thus can connect to her. Niki de Saint Phalle has been well-known to me as I have been in France for one year and heard about her famous shooting paintings. Secondly, I started to develop paintings resulting from emotional sufferings myself and became interested in the connection of emotions and their artistic expression. Once I went to a vernissage organized by the Malwerkstatt of the Asklepios Klinik in Gà ¶ttingen. There I saw some paintings done by mentally hurt women who paint regularly. In the following weeks I spent some time in the Malwerkstatt interviewing them about their process of doing art, related feelings and resulting paintings. I became interested in their way of seeing art as a transformation of negative feelings into a piece of art. Doing art has a positive impact on their well-being. However, they cannot fully transform their sufferings into an expressive piece of art. Frida Kahlo, Niki de Saint Phalle and the interviewed mentally hurt women realized the possibility of doing art as a constructive way to express their emotional sufferings. Frida Kahlo and Niki de Saint Phalle cope with their emotional sufferings to the last extent; going on stage not hiding any more but extricate themselves from expectations. The resulting creation can be seen as a mirror reflecting their inner-self which might be shocking and disapproving. The courage to create is one of the basic principles to start with. In order to cope with the sufferings fully the step these great artists did is essential. Freeing yourself not thinking about assessment anymore giving your sufferings an artistic voice will eventually be constructive and surely improve your emotional state. The focus will be on the analysis and interpretation of the selected artworks in relation to the emotional sufferings expressed through it. Additionally, the transformation into a piece of art will be pointed out. Frida Kahlo ´s expression through paintings, especially self-portraits; stand in contrast to the three-dimensional artwork and shooting paintings done by Niki de Saint Phalle. One painting done by a mentally hurt woman will be taken into account for the analysis. Taking into consideration these two artists I aim to show their different artistic expressions, the creation of innovative, unconventional and evocative art. Frida Kahlo Frida is the only example in the history of art of an artist who tore open her chest and heart to reveal the biological truth of her feelings. The only woman who has expressed in her works an art of the feelings, functions, and creative power of women said her husband Mexican muralist Diego Rivera. Frida Kahlo, an artist of Mexican-German origin, was born in Mexico in 1907.In her life she suffered from physical and emotional pain mainly due to a serious bus accident at the age of 18 that left her with lifelong incapacitating illnesses and a disintegrating body.The metal bar of the bus skewed her body causing her spinal column and pelvis to break. Because of the destroyed uterus Frida could not give birth leading to desperation and loneliness, expressed in her self-portrait Henry Ford Hospital. The physical pain she suffered from this incident marked a turning point in her perception of art. In bed-ridden she started to paint as an expression of her traumatic experiences. She recorded her emotional state in paint. During 1946 up to 1950 she underwent eight operations on her spin. Consequently, she confronted herself with thoughts about her own death visible in the painting The Dream. The impact of the spinal trauma on her continuous sufferings is shown in her self-portrait entit led The Broken column. The coping of her sufferings by painting was the way to improve her well-being or even to keep her alive. Frida Kahlo transformed her emotions into a piece of art which tells her feelings honestly and open. Especially in her lifetime she was one of the rare artists who were not afraid of expressing their emotions through art in such a heartbreaking and shocking way. Her style is dramatic and original. Frida mostly created self-portraits: I paint self-portraits because I am the person I know best. I paint my own reality.Some of Frida ´s self-portraits show her crying, broken up and even bleeding. Frida had the courage to show her body, nude and sick. Her emotions were transformed into a painting, as they were; she wore her heart on canvas. The Broken Column is a self-portrait of Frida Kahlo that shows her sufferings. It is like a X-ray picture from her broken spinal column. The ground color is a tone of yellow, brown and orange. In the foreground she is standing upright; paralyzed like a statue. Her nude body is shown from the hips upwards. Probably, she is not yet ready to expose herself completely nude as she covers the pubic area by holding a white blanket. However, it seems as if in one moment the blanket might fly away because she does not hold it strongly. The torso is split vertically into exactly two mirrored parts. Therefore, the middle part is symmetrical. Frida ´s spinal column is replaced with a broken column which as an ancient element refers back to her bus accident: the source of never ending pain.The spinal column makes it possible to stand upright and indicates self-confidence. It is of psychological and physical importance. Because of the broken column Frida should have lost stability. However, this is prevented by the steel corset. It is in form of a grid like prison bars which keeps the body together but at the same time imprisons her. Similar to the imprisonment by society values and the restricted freedom of movement.Although, being broken she keeps her attitude upright. The head is shifted to the right and supported by the column. By her visible right ear it seems as if she wants to hear something. Her facial expression is lifeless and sad. She is gazing and tears come out of the eyes that express her emotion of pain. The mouth is closed and the lips are slightly pressed together. The hair is loose which stands in contrast to the bounded body. Like in acupuncture the metallic nails of different sizes stick from all directions into her body, face and right side of the blanket.I know that in colloquial Spanish being nailed means estar calvada. In the figurative sense it stands for being cheated on. The nails go back to the relationship with her husband Diego Rivera and coul d refer to his infidelity.In the background a barren desert is shown which is broken up like her infertile body. The atmosphere conveyed by the desert reinforces her pain and loneliness. The horizon cuts the throat like the column divides the body. Frida is alone in the dry and rocky brownish landscape that stands in contrast to her wet tears. The painting has a great impact on me. While taking a look at it for the first time I was overwhelmed and my body was tense. I had the impression of sharing the physical pain. This is because of the openness and brutality done to her body. By this painting Frida shows two sides. Her inner-self; broken, bleeding and her appearance hiding the pain by her upright posture and lifeless face mask. To me Frida ´s strong personality is well shown. I admire her for the courage to depict the pain in such an impressive way as to expose her vulnerability. The painting The Dream shows Frida lying in a wooden bed which floats in the clouds. A yellow blanket covers her body and two pillows are under her head. She is comfortable and has fallen into a deep sleep like the Sleeping Beauty. Her facial expression is calm and without any preoccupations she seems to be lost in her dream. Roots are spreading from the bed end over the whole bed and reaching up to the face having small leaves. A wooden board is fixed on top of the bed. On there a white papier mache skeleton lies like Frida Kahlo. The skeleton holds a bunch of flowers and firecracker are all over his body and legs. This painting shows her willingness to confront with the hardest reality: the end of her human existence. Frida painted her own death as she underwent many serious operations leading to the confrontation of death each time.Frida expresses her death to the maximum by imagining herself as a skeleton.To some this might be extremely shocking to portray oneself already dead. Imagining your own death would be the last thing. To explain why Frida was able to paint her death one can look back to her Mexican origin. She was very much involved in Mexican traditions which includes the celebration of Dia de los Muertos. On this day the welcoming of the dead is celebrated in a colourful way. This shows the fearless attitude Mexicans have towards death. As I am of Mexican origin the connection to the Mexican culture is visible. Personally, I am not shocked because the skeleton does not look in a scary way. He rather seems to be smiling. Additionally, the luminescent and intense yellow coloured blanket makes me think of the power of light. Moreover, the blanket protects Frida ´s body from the thorny branches. However, it seems as if the peaceful tranquillity of the dream can easily be interrupted. Only a spark is necessary to ignite the firecrackers. The painting would turn from a static to a dynamic one. On the right bottom corner the formation of darker clouds might indicate a weather change. Another interpretation could be that the background is meant symbolically. Frida is in heaven where she has gained the freedom from emotional sufferings. The painting Henry Ford Hospital shows Frida lying naked and hemorrhaging up in bed. Her body is twisted with the legs bent and turned to the right side. She covers her pubic bone. The white blanket is partly covered with her blood. Her left hand is close to the thumb and she holds strings which are connected to different symbols. The red cords vein-like ribbonsare connected to six images that symbolize the source of pain and the impact they had on her fertility. The orchid symbolizes her femininity. As it is not integrated in her body the capability of giving birth is not given to her due to the accident. The snail represents the slowness of the miscarriage and is related to her sensation of passing time. In the left corner a machine can be seen which stand for the painful miscarriage due to the technical part of it. In contrast to the bed shown in The Dream this bed seems to be rudimentary and it stands on brown soil. The bed frame is inscribed: on the length side Henry Ford Hospital Detroit and on the narrow side Julio de 1932 F. K.In the background industrial facilities are shown. In combination with the blue greyish sky the depicted grief, desperation and loneliness is stressed.The depiction of these industrial facilities in Detroit could be connected to her bus accident as it was the modern technique being responsible for the accident to occur. This painting is related to the emotion of grief and loneliness after her first miscarriage in the Henry Ford Hospital. The longing to have an own child was obsessive. She was desperately waiting for the baby. Thus the miscarriage hit her very hard. The loss led to a serious depression. In this painting Frida depicts a powerful and coherent statement of inner and outer maternal fracture, loss, and agony. I think that the torture she had to face is clearly expressed trough this painting by her posture and blood. Frida writhes in pain. At first, I was confused why the bed is not in hospital but in a landscape without plants. Like in the Broken Column a brownish and dry landscape is shown on which no plants grow. I think that it stands for her incapability of giving birth. The bars of the bed can be related to the grid visible in the Broken Column. Frida is imprisoned in hospital where she cannot escape from pain. The symbols matched to Frida make me think of a mind-map.However, everything shown cannot be understood at first glance. The symbols can be seen as a puzzle Frida gives to the viewer. A story is to be discovered. Niki de Saint Phalle Niki de Saint Phalle was born in France, Neuilly-Sur-Seine, in 1930. She was a French mixed-media artist and sculptor. Brought up in a conservative family and educated in monastery school Niki was confronted with the strict values held by society. The domestic position of wives was one of the main values that Niki rejected. However, she married young and gave birth to children. When she realized that she led a conventional life an inner conflict arose. Moreover, she had a trauma due to her being abused by her father. An aggression against men developed. Consequently, she had a nervous breakdown and got a treatment in hospital.Like Frida Kahlo she started to express her emotional state right after a serious health problem. After she had left her family behind her main focus became art.Niki de Saint Phalle joined the artist group called Nouveau Realistes in 1960. In the following, Niki created the assemblage Portrait of my lover.In 1961 she created her first shooting paintings which ma de her well known around the world. They were an open door for the recognition of her art works on an international level. Niki de Saint Phalle Portrait of my lover, created in 1961 shows a target, black tie and white shirt attached to a black board. Instead of a man ´s head a target is placed at which the visitors could throw arrows. On the black painted canvas a tie and a men ´s shirt is glued on. The shirt is covered with black droplets. Niki admired Jackson Pollock and could have been influenced by his actions paintings.Therefore, she might have applied great force by throwing the paint on the shirt. The throwing of the arrows is representative for the step to independence. The special feature of this artwork lies in the changed meaning of well-known objects to symbolize a human. Pieces of art created out of ready for use objects are called Ready-Made.By this artwork she has was able to find A fertile outlet for her ferocious rage toward men -and the dominant masculine art establishment via the creative expression of violence. Niki de Saint Phalle ´s performed the creation of her shooting paintings in public. All over the world shooting actions took place. One of these actions is depicted in the above shown photograph. She shocked society by her performance.She shot at a relief with paint so that all the paint spilled out and the painting was bleeding. Her way of doing art by shooting was new as it went against the traditional. The aggressive acts were meant symbolically. By shooting she released herself from the standards, gained in a solid-middle class home and monastery school. The artist secreted plastic bags filled with paint behind paintings, and sculptures; the bags burst when the works were shot by a gun held by Niki.By the act of destruction Niki created a new painting. The dispersion of color plays a role in the spontaneous effect. It seems as if the painting is bleeding. By her shooting paintings she went on stage and showed to public that it is time for action. Not only to let her aggressions out she shot at the painting but as well to make the public aware of the brutal reality at that time.Wars and conflicts were the current issue. The shootings symbolize the power of killing. She acted in an aggressive way towards her pieces of art in the same way as society did with her and their opponents.The sacrificial death of the painting should be a warning to society. Analysis Frida Kahlo expressed her emotional sufferings comprehensibly through self-portraits. One can refer back to the sources of her pain. She portrayed herself as the victim of pain. The background supports the emotion. Niki de Saint Phalle expressed her emotional sufferings in a completely different way. Rather than painting she made use of the role oppressor-victim by performing art. She was not the one suffering from pain but a women standing up fighting back in spite of society values. Niki wanted to be in the role of the aggressor not of the suppressed one. By shooting at it she seems like a beautiful Amazon. This was new for that time to see a women holding a gun in their hands and not being the calm and carrying household woman. Niki violated the traditional role of women. Furthermore, she freed herself from this role she did not to fit in. Niki shot with self-confidence, fearlessness and strength at the painting showing her superiority. She killed the painting but at the same time gave birth to a new one. Death and rebirth are connected in a way that her expression became constructive instead of destructive. Trying to reach public by performing the shooting on a larger scale meaning on inter national shooting session shows the great step she did to make an appeal to others. Killing the painting was her way to get her aggression out.Finally, she reached to overcome and cope with her emotional sufferings by shooting and even more I became addicted to shooting like one becomes addicted to a drug. Blood appears in both of the artistic expressions either in painting as blood droplet out of a wound or as the painting being hurt and bleeding. I was impressed by their courage to go that far in art as to show their own nude and sick body or acting violently by shooting. It is incredible as to what extent they had success. While researching and taking a look at their biographies I realized that both had a male artist who helped them to express. They were usually people who were right in society having a certain influence as a famous painter: Diego Rivera and Jean Tinguely. By expressing art they went on stage not hiding their feelings anymore but choosing a direct confrontation with these. They do not want or can escape any longer. I became interested in the fact that if other people not being artists can cope with their emotional sufferings by doing art. To get an answer I went to the Malwerksatt in the Asklepios Klinikum in Gà ¶ttingen, Germany where mentally hurt women do art once per week for about two hours. I interviewed them about their feelings, experiences with art and took a look at their artworks. Eve Kaboth is in charge of the Malwerkstatt and provides assistance in case of help but does not assess them in any way. This is especially important as it guarantees a free working atmosphere. The women having experienced loss, betrayal and suppression are trying to do art as to improve their well-being. Negative emotions are released leaving them relieved and happy. As to their paintings they mostly do them subconsciously without having a clear idea in mind but which will develop during the process. I took a look at one painting showing clowns covered by coloured oil pastels smashed on the paper. Usually they are afraid of portraying humans. They represent some kind of colourful dream world. A composition of colours in which the forms, lines and objects do not play a significant role. While painting they are relaxed and enjoy it. This painting seems as if the woman is still hiding like the clowns shown in the picture. By this painting it is clear that she is not yet ready to go on stage. The impression I got is that they have not fully overcome the imprisonment by society and confronted themselves with their sufferings. Thus the step of showing everything openly, provocatively in order to fully cope with them is not yet reached. Niki de Saint Phalle and Frida Kahlo, in contrast to the mentally hurt women, reached the highest point they could possibly reach by their expression. Doing art was not restricted by society anymore. Art is an expressive source the artists Niki de Saint Phalle and Frida Kahlo realized. With their moving art they freed themselves but not only this. They went a step further by breaking society values. Frida Kahlo drew herself bleeding, open and naked. Especially at that time when artists were not supposed to express themselves in the painting as if they were the subject. Taking this into consideration one can see parallels to Niki as she was the first woman not being a victim but the aggressor. They realized that emotional sufferings can trigger creativity and be seen as a genesis source of new expressive art. But this is not at all easy to undergo. It requires courage and the refusal to run away from the inner self, unconscious and the unknown. Conclusion To answer the research question How do Frida Kahlo and Niki de Saint Phalle cope with their emotional sufferings by doing art? I came to the conclusion that both, Frida Kahlo and Niki de Saint Phalle cope with their emotional sufferings by doing art in a different way. Frida Kahlo documented her emotional sufferings by painting, especially self-portraits. The extension of her is Niki de Saint Phalle whose action was art. She created shooting paintings. Emotional sufferings can be beneficial and reinforce a development (out of a crisis new things are created). Without having these experiences and the related emotional sufferings this new expression of art would not have been created. Therefore emotional sufferings can be seen from positive point of view. Creativity, then, can in part be thought of as the capacity to express the demonic constructively. This is what all great artists do. Is there a limit to cope with emotional sufferings by doing art? When is it said not to be ethical? On the one hand the shooting paintings helped Niki to cope with her sufferings but on the other hand she shocked society by her performance. But sometimes it can be good to draw people ´s attention to an issue by shocking them. I think that as long as no humans, animals and ethical principles are hurt by the art process it is legitimate. Bibliography Primary Source: Interview with mentally hurt women and the leader of the workshop. August-October 2009. Asklepios Fachklinikum Gà ¶ttingen in Germany. Secondary Sources: Books: Bauer, Claudia. Frida Kahlo. Mà ¼nchen: Prestel Verlag, 2005. Becker, Monika. Starke Weiblichkeit entfesseln. Niki de Saint Phalle. Berlin: List Taschenbuchverlag, 2005. Diamond, Stephen A. Anger, Madness, and the Daimonic. New York: State University of New York Press, 1999. Herrera, Hayden. Frida Kahlo.Malerin der Schmerzen-Rebellin gegen das Unabà ¤nderliche. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1988. Prignitz-Poda, Helga. Frida Kahlo. Die Malerin und ihr Werk. Mà ¼nchen: Schirmer/Mosel Verlag, 2003. Schrà ¶der, Stefanie. Ein starkes verwundetes Herz Niki de Saint Phalle. Ein Kà ¼nstlerleben.Freiburg: Herde Verlag, 2002. Seemann, Annette von. Ich habe mich in eine Heilige verwandelt. Frida Kahlo.Mà ¼nchen: List Taschenbuch Verlag, 2002. Journals: Goldsmith, Marlene. Abjection and Psychic Deadness In The Paintings of Frida Kahlo. The Psychoanalytical Review Vol.92, No. 6, December 2004. 729-758p. Websites: Brown, Amy. Frida Kahlo an amazing woman. http://www.amybrown.net/women/frida.html Frida by Kahlo. http://www.fbuch.com/fridaby.htm Niki ´s official website. http://www.nikidesaintphalle.com Tate Liverpool Educators ´Pack. http://www.tate.org.uk

Industrialization in America Essay -- American History, Transportatio

As America was rapidly industrializing, the products that were being mass-produced were in demand all over the nation. In order to get food, supplies and raw materials to the industrial centers that needed them, it was crucial that the speed of transportation was increased. Multiple types of transportation came forth in early 1800’s including roads, canals, steamboats and railroads which would all contribute to the industrialization of America. This time period would come to be known as the â€Å"Transportation Revolution† of America. (Ochoa 2). In 1815, farmers were struggling to keep up with the high cost of transportation of their goods. Near the end of the Transportation Revolution in 1850, transportation cuts had been cut by ninety-five percent and farmers were given much more opportunity to make a profit (Clark 1). Roadways started developing across America and played a major role in delivering raw materials to where they would be produced and then from that site to markets. However the financing of these roads quickly became an issue between the federal government and the states. In 1808, the federal government built the National Road, which was a major route that started in Virginia and extended from the Appalachian Mountains to Illinois. The National Road became the most significant road for Western settlers to travel on. Unlike most roads that were muddy and hard to drive on and muddy, the National Road was solid and made of gravel and stone. States generally built and financed their own roads around the older transportation routes and where the marketplaces were in the state. Roads gave new ways to transport goods and people across the nation, further supporting industrialization in America (Holtkamp 1). By 1807, advance... ... being sold (â€Å"McCormick, Cyrus [1800-1860]† 2). John Deere also made advancements in agricultural machinery. Deere made the first iron plow with a steel edge in America. The plow could slice many more miles of Midwestern prairies than was previously possible. In the mid 1840’s Deere sold 1,000 plows and in the next decade he sold 10,000 each year (â€Å"McCormick, Cyrus [1800-1860]† 1). Deere’s plow prompted the beginning of a new industrial empire of Deere’s agricultural equipment (Ochoa 3). The goods that were abundantly produced by the plow and reaper would feed the nation and therefore allow for population growth in America (â€Å"The Industrialization of Agriculture† 3). The machinery also made farming much more profitable for farmers because it had taken a lot of time and money to harvest the plants before the inventions were sold (â€Å"McCormick, Cyrus [1800-1860]† 1).

Contrast and Similarities Between Digital and Film Cameras Essay

Nowadays camera is very essential technology in our everyday life. But once upon a time, camera was very rare. Somebody had to go to studio to take his/her photo. This technology was also so complicated at that time. All cameras were either huge in size or immobile. But now we find camera everywhere. Presently, we can not think of any mobile phones or laptops without build-in camera. All classical cameras were film cameras and now we hardly find them. Through improvement of technology, almost all cameras are being digitalized. With this change, digital camers look very different from the films. The main difference between digital and film camera is the storage option. In film cameras, captured photos are stored in the film itself whereas photos are stored in a memory card in digital cameras. Digital cameras has an image sensor . This sensor helps take and store photos. This sensor is absent in film cameras. If the film is exposed once it can not be used again in film cameras. Memory card is re-usable Photos stored in memory card can be erased and then it again be re-usable. Film has to develop by using different kinds of chemicals in film cameras while we can see photos instantly either on the computers or in digital camera. A darkroom is required to develop photos captured in film cameras and this process is complicated. This process is much easier if photos captured in digital cameras. We can easily print digital photos from computer. Digital cameras require more power than film cameras. Generally rechargeable and non-rechargeable batteries are used in digital and film cameras respectively. Film cameras response quickly. Its takes less time than digital cameras to focus. The fraction time between to focus is also less in film cameras. Now let’s discuss about photo quality between digital and film cameras. Photo quality is depends on equipment in digital cameras whether film cameras has no variation. All film cameras are same. They provide same quality photos. But in digital cameras photo quality depends on megapixel, sensor and on many other things. Today in market , we found 1 to 50 or more mega pixels digital camera. Digital cameras can be many types, such as DSLR, SLR etc. Film cameras is only one type. Lens and scale is also a great difference between film and digital cameras. Professional photographers are demand high quality cameras that why there first choice is digital camera. The other most important contrast between digital and film camera is tonal range. Tonal range is number of grades of light to dark in photo. Digital cameras are limited to 256 grades whereas film cameras have unlimited grades. Film cameras are ahead in tonal range. So they can produce limitless grades of light to dark. More apparently, film cameras can capture all dark view, not matter how mild it is. On the other hand, digital cameras produce bright view instead of mild darkness. We already know that, in digital camera photo quality depends on megapixel. So here is a question about its work, and also how grains work in film cameras. More mega pixel produces more sharp photos. Grains also do the same thing in film cameras. Brightness, hue, value, saturation etc are also same in digital and film cameras. Both has required lens, both has same shape, both can produce monochromic and color photos. In film cameras, grains speed depends on speed of the film whereas megapixel can be troubleshoot from menu. More people choose slower film camera. A slower film camera is equal to 8 megapixel camera. Both in film and digital cameras megapixel alone can’t sharp photo quality. Some special effect and zoom etc can changeable in digital cameras while film camera does not has those option. Aparture is almost same in both type of cameras whereas shutter is same. Size of photo can’t vary and lens is obvious equipment of both cameras. In conclusion, we can say both cameras are important. Because the importance of cameras are vary from person to person, profession to profession. Professional photographers generally choose digital cameras and again sometimes they need film cameras for specific reason. Both film and digital cameras has lots of fan. It just like CD and cassette, both are important.

How to Answer this Interview Question Honestly

How to Answer this Interview Question Honestly In the interview, things are going along well. Maybe you’ve aced the small talk with the interviewer, and have created a rapport as you skip through the standard interview questions about five-year plans and that time you problem-solved the heck out of something. Then your new buddy looks you in the eye and asks for your honesty. For example, â€Å"Tell me what you’d do if your boss came up with an idea you hated.† Or â€Å"Tell me something negative you’ve heard about this company.† Just two new friends (and probable future coworkers) having a candid moment, right? Well, partly yes. But mostly no. The interview is still on, remember, and you need to answer it as an A+ candidate. How do you navigate this interview question?DO make sure you’ve got straightforward body language.Fidgeting, avoiding eye contact, all of those things make it look like you’re scrambling for an answer- or worse, making something up.DON’T disparage the c ompany or your hypothetical boss with the terrible idea.Going negative can be tempting to show what a badass shark you are, but keep in mind that this might not be so hypothetical to the interviewer. She might be your boss with the terrible idea at some point. Try to keep the tone positive no matter what:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I think an idea is a starting point for conversation.† Or â€Å"I did see the news reports last week about the company accidentally poisoning baby seals, but I think there are two sides to every story, and I’d want to know more about the situation that goes beyond the headlines.†DON’T gossip.If the company was all over the news last week for poisoning baby seals, then sure, it’s okay to go ahead and mention that particular elephant in the room if you’re asked about negative things you’ve heard. Otherwise, it’s likely the interviewer is fishing to see what the industry is saying about his company- or at the very least, trying to gauge whether you’re coming in with a particular agenda.This is especially likely to come up if your current/last job was at a competitor. You’re not a double agent, so don’t let them play you like one. If you’re pressed, be positive. â€Å"I can’t recall anything particularly negative, but I was interested in learning more about [aspect of company], if you’d like to talk more about that.DO see this as an opportunity to reflect back on your own skills.For the question on how you’d disagree with a boss or colleague, use an example of a time you faced different perspectives in a previous job. For the â€Å"what have you heard?† question, emphasize that what you have heard about the company dovetails with your goals, and that’s why you’re so interested in working with them.DON’T be brutally honest.Be tactful and positive instead. Remember, there’s Regular You, and there’s Professional You. There are, necessarily, differences between the two. Always err on the side of Professional You, even if Regular You would talk smack about the company off the record, or if Regular You would roll your eyes at a boss’s ludicrous idea. The interviewer needs to know you’re a team player, and this is a good place to show off your diplomacy skills.So in short: don’t go too negative, and if you need to, umm, massage what you really think, make sure it comes off as a straightforward response.

How to Promote Yourself Without Bragging

How to Promote Yourself Without Bragging Struggling to find a way to talk yourself up without sounding like you’re bragging or totally showing off? In the era of the Facebook/Twitter humblebrag, this balancing act is more difficult than ever. You want to share your successes, but you also value humility. And you know that being too humble could cost you opportunities, money, connections, jobs. You know self-promotion is key, but you don’t want to go over the top. The first thing to remember is that modesty is your friend. Think of the people, famous or friends, who have the most amazing stories. Now think if you’ve ever heard them brag. The answer is probably no. How can you find a way to talk about your triumphs in a way that won’t make people hate you, no matter how nice you are? Here are a few sweet tips:Cultivate wonder.If you have something to share that really exceeds the normal realms of the mundane, keep in mind that your audience will likely be a little bit in awe of your story. Join in that sense of awe. Beat them to it even. Recognizing the wildness of the wild things that happen to you shows self-awareness and proves to people that you don’t just expect extraordinary things to happen to you on the regular.Always be grateful.This dovetails nicely with the wonder. Basically, recognize- publicly and often- how other circumstances and people have helped you realize the success you have. Every accomplishment involves some kind of cooperative effort. Make sure to highlight how you didn’t get where you are alone.Focus on your deeds.What matters isn’t who you are- I mean, that does matter, just not for the purpose of sharing your story- but what you do. Speak in terms of actions, not inherent qualities. Don’t say â€Å"I’m a rock star.† Say: â€Å"My company and I outperformed the competition by means of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Frame your accomplishments as acts, not just extensions of your awesomeness.Share your struggle.Chances are you didn’t land in your success story smiling and fresh as a daisy with not a scratch on you. Whenever you share success, share also the hard work, sweat, and tears that got you to it in the end. Fess up to the times you doubted yourself, the obstacles you faced, and how it wasn’t all that easy to accomplish what you did.Get someone else to do your bragging.Better yet, avoid having to brag at all. Find someone in your corner who’s willing to toot your horn for you, so you can stay graciously in the background nodding your head with gratitude and humility.Make it narrative.The ability to tell a good story is tantamount to genius in this media-saturated day and age. Turn your success into a whole story- complete with a beginning, middle, and end, plus hardships and obstacles, even perhaps a villain! Humanize yourself and personalize your acts.Be self-deprecating.You know that thing your parents told you to stop doing? There is a time and place for the deadpan and hon est â€Å"Well, actually, it’s not much of a success when you consider†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or the â€Å"that’s very kind, but my job is really to do this one part of a bigger picture.† This kind of thing can go a very long way to keeping you from alienating anyone with your braggadocio.Don’t humblebrag.Just don’t. It’s neither bragging nor humble. Though, it’s much more like bragging than humility. If something good happens to you, don’t ever couch it as a negative. You’re not fooling anyone.Always find humor.You can’t just hide from your achievements. If you’ve made big ones, you’ll have to talk about them. No sense backing yourself into a corner trying not to talk about them. What you can do is use humor. Come up with a couple of jokes that will diffuse the whatever sense your audience might have of you as stuck up and will endear you to the crowd. And the more personal you make your story, the more lik ely you are to seem like an actual human, rather than an egomaniac. Don’t be afraid to tell the truth!Keep it brief.There’s no need to detail every single one of your accomplishments. Let them unfold over time- and only when they’re actually relevant. Leak them out graciously. Fashion your bullet points into a brief â€Å"brag bite.† Get in, drop the necessary info, and get out again.

Chapter One including the abstract Dissertation

Chapter One including the abstract - Dissertation Example It is on this basis that faculty-designers have emerged as critical a component in the development of online courses. Given the importance of faculty-designers, there is need to ensure that these faculty-developers possess requisite skills and competencies that are key in maintaining the quality of online courses. This chapter presents issues surrounding the skills, competencies and best practices for designing online courses. In addition to these issues, this chapter will present the purpose of the research, research questions and hypotheses, justification and significance of the research, as well as limitations and assumptions for the research. Keywords: Faculty-designers, Skills and Competencies, Instructional Materials, Online Courses and Best Practices Chapter One Introduction Online education has experienced unprecedented growth in the last decade. Rapid growth of online education has emergence along with sophisticated information and communication technologies. Information tec hnology tools have been integrated into online platforms and enhance delivery of learning materials. Proponents of distance education have applauded the flexibility and convenience of online learning studies. However, dissenting voices have increasingly raised concerns over the quality of online courses. ... Many of the decisions influencing the successful delivery of course materials take place prior to commencement of online classes. Course design stage requires careful planning to not only make teaching more enjoyable and easy, but also to facilitate effective student learning. Well-designed courses facilitate smooth implementation of course content on a day-to-day basis (Anderson, 2008). Faculty-designers require requisite skills and competencies that will assure the effectiveness and quality of online learning (Weston, 2009). Increasing demands for online courses stimulated many institutions of higher learning to offer online courses. As the number of middle-level colleges and fully fledged universities offering online courses continues to grow, a pressing need has arisen for highly skilled and competent faculty-designers (Salmon, 2004). Skilled and competent faculty-designers are needed in crafting professional development and technical training online courses (Watson, Watson and R eigeluth, 2012). The quality of online courses has been compromised, in part, by hastily-developed learning materials (Hsu and Lin, 2008). Much as information technology has the potential to develop and implement effective online learning, the quality of this modern pedagogy is compromised by lack of competent faculty-designers (Anderson, 2008). The rapid growth of online learning has focused increasing attention to components that constitutes a quality online course (Reigeluth, 2011). Understanding of how to design an online course and what is needed to be an effective online instructor has deepened significantly (Hsu and Lin, 2008). Technologies used to design and access online courses have also improved tremendously. Equally important, faculty-designers have

Erica Homes ltd. Project Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Erica Homes ltd. Project - Research Proposal Example At this time the city has considerable problems with migrants who don’t have a place to work and often not even a place to live. It is thought that the Olympics will provide a chance for the development of the area, for the creation of new jobs and for the integration into society of all the people with ethnic origins other that British. Erica Homes ltd. is planning to take advantage of this event and exploit it to the maximum. If the company purchases land right now it will do it very cheaply. However, as the 2012 Olympic is drawing nearer the value of the land in the outskirts of London will double, if not even triple and the prices of housing in the area will rise accordingly. Thus a great profit for all developers that manage to built before that time. Erica Homes ltd.’s strategy is to purchase land in the area, to build high quality luxurious apartments and to sell them when the market value of estates raises, thus realizing the desired profit. The company will hire internationally renowned engineers, architects, chartered accountants and IT experts. Erica Homes ltd. will employ the strategy of participative decision making. The centralization of decision making has been found to have in most cases a negative impact on a company’s relations between its employees and its management. Training, on the other hand has the exact opposite effect on the relations. Therefore Erica Homes ltd. is focusing on developing a structure of the organization that is based on communication in all levels. Every employee has to be able to have an impact on the management of the company and he has to feel it, motivating him to work harder and better. This would also encourage the appropriate integration of all employees, even problematic integrations. In order to achieve this system of participative decision making we are encouraging every employee in Erica Homes ltd. to own shares in the company. However little the investment might be, it will make that person feel linked to the organization in a proprietary sort of way and act accordingly. We will not only offer jobs to 1000 people, we are offering long term investment plans. Other organizations have applied this strategy and it has proven very effective because a person who feels secure about his future and the future of his family is more productive. "Members are part of a common social system or clan and are bonded together through the development of a sense of affiliation and belonging"1. Employees of Erica Homes ltd. will develop a sense of loyalty towards the company. In terms of structure the company will have a Board of Directors, a Shareholders Meeting, a General Manager, managers of the different departments and employees in each department. Erica Homes ltd. aims at being adaptable and flexible according to the needs of its employees and to the market. The good management of the company has to accomplish this while being stable and controlled. "There needs to be growth, resource acquisition and external support, but also tight internal information management and formal communication. The framework suggests an emphasis on the value of human resources, but also emphasizes planning and goal setting"2. Information sharing in the company will be very important. "As a catalyst for organisational growth, the sharing of knowledge is vital to an organisation"3. This will add value to the company and help with the achievement of the participative decision making strategy. Information exchange stimulates creativity and creates intellectual assets which are more important for a company than physical assets. "Sharing knowledge within organisations provides the opportunity to discuss know-what and know-how practices to direct the organisation towards future development and growth"4. The shareholders will elaborate plans and goals for long periods of time. The Board

Economic analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic analysis - Essay Example In normal circumstances, keeping other things constant (ceteris paribus), as the demand rises (the supply is held constant), the price of the good also increases. This is because as the demand for a good rises, the willingness and the ability of the buyers to buy rises. As a result, buyers are willing to buy more, and hence the price of the good rises. This can be shown in the diagram that is drawn below. From Figure 2.1 it can be seen that as demand rises (due to some exogenous variable), the demand curve shifts to the right (from AB to CD). The supply is fixed and so the new equilibrium is F instead of E that was initially the equilibrium. Since the supply is fixed it can be seen that the prices have risen from P1 to P2, such that P1 In the article, Erica Olsen, the marketing specialist for North Dakota Wheat Commission states that the prices of durum throughout the year 2009 have not been changed. In fact they have remained in a range of $4 to $ 4.20, so that the average price is $ 4.10.2 She states that the demand for durum has increased worldwide and so has increased the exports of America. The estimated number of exports was reported as 838000 bushels in the year 2009.3 Normally, this increased number of exports may lead to a shortage of durum in the domestic country. Consequently, the prices may increase more as the supply falls to the left (there is a shortage). This phenomenon can be seen in the figure below. In the figure, the demand is already high. With an increase in exports the supply in the domestic market should fall. (The supply curve should shift from UX to YZ). The equilibrium should shift to G from E. Hence the price should increase more, this time to P3 where P3> P2. However this is not what was observed in

Candid Communication Essay Example for Free

Candid Communication Essay Due to the costly failed attempt to expand to the European market, and recognition of the major underlying cultural problems which resulted in the unsuccessful expansion, our team has been tasked with proposing plans for revitalizing your corporate culture. Key personnel, who could have provided advice to avert the flawed expansion strategy, did not voice their concerns or advice because such actions were not culturally encouraged. As an executive management team, you have recognized that this failure to uphold a corporate culture which values candid communication at all levels was the ultimate cause of this setback. This proposal is designed to uncover potential obstacles to creating a culture which foster candid communication, and present a plan of action to alter the corporate culture from the ground up. Question 1: The obstacles of fostering candid communication can be categorized into three areas: personal, physical and cultural. When discussing personal obstacles, the outer layers peel back to find both interpersonal and intrapersonal barriers that your organization will find in their journey to value candid communication. For example, interpersonal barriers occur between team members, such as differences in personality styles or behavioral preferences. Ignoring or not addressing these differences can lead to rivalry, competition and fear of speaking up due to retaliation or further dislike from other co-workers. Though individuals in your company may not like or be willing to work with one-another, the major obstacle is to first get them talking to address their differences. Furthermore, even if your employees hold similar behavioral or personality styles, another obstacle may be that their relationships might not be strong enough to support constructive criticism from others, indicating a lack of trust. The absence of trust is the first dysfunction of a team, according to Patrick Lencioni. â€Å"Trust is the foundation of a team† and the lack of trust is the team’s inability â€Å"to understand and open up to one another† (Lencioni, pg. 43-44). Strong, trusting relationships support providing feedback to other employees and supervisors without fear of future scrutiny. Lack of trust within a group also holds a strong influence on intrapersonal barriers to speak freely. Intrapersonal barriers are those that occur within the individual self or mind but are strongly influenced by their surroundings. For example, without the feeling of trust, employees may revert back to their safety zone by keeping quiet and holding back opinions in order to protective themselves (Lencioni, pg. 195). Likewise, other intrapersonal barriers can be as simple as the individual’s self-confidence level or working with individuals who prefer not to provide criticism for fear of rejection from the group. In addition, another obstacle is the absence of individual’s sense of belongingness to the company, one of Maslow’s steps in his Hierarchy of Needs. Belongingness comes from the company support of employees through personal development and job enrichment which play a critical role for employees to recognize that they and their opinions are valued enough to be shared. Secondly, physical barriers of separation, such as the physical distance between locations, geographic barriers like oceans or even walls between offices, can also hinder the ability to communicate openly to employees,. For example, as your company expands internationally, it will face the creation of virtual teams. Virtual teams are at a disadvantage to build trusting, strong relationships because they do not have the luxury of sitting across the table from one-another to work out disagreements. And, even if they wanted to, it would be extremely expensive for the company to fund trips back and forth across the pond. On the other hand, co-located employees may still feel that physical barriers impede their ability to share from blocked areas and closed doors providing visual cues to employees that they are either not needed or wanted. Last, as your company grows it will face both society and company built cultural barriers. Societal barriers, such as international relations and generational differences can influence the effectiveness of conducting business and building relationships in the future. For example, do the companies that we are working with international hold the same emphasis on candid dialog? Do cultural barriers or age differences enable employees to provide productive feedback or criticism without violating a social norm or without fear of creating adversarial relationships? Both examples of societal based barriers greatly influence the ability of people to feel they can share openly. Likewise, company built cultural barriers continue to obstruct straight talk if the culture does not reward such behavior and the population contains individuals who do not fit the cultural mold. For example, Nordstrom employees who are not fanatic about how amazing you Nordstrom’s is will â€Å"be ejected like a virus† (). Employees who do not see rewards for behaviors or do not agree with the cultural behaviors will not be comfortable to share candidly. Question 2: In order to combat these negative obstacles the company must first create and communicate a solid value structure, mission statement and form committees to help implement and generate ideas. The assurance that people feel valued needs to be the primary focus of the company citing the well known fact that employees are the number one customers. A credo similar to the one mentioned in Built to Last (p. 9) for Johnson Johnson, listed open for all to see, must be presented to the employees specifically listing core values including but not limited to: welcome change, be honest/open, recognize success but not shun failure, treat everyone with respect and spend considerable amount of time nurturing culture. For maximum impact management needs to proactively practice (MBWA) by walking around displaying, encouraging and measuring the success of all these values. These values and structures need to be engrained early in the employees so that the culture will become second nature. The objective is for the employee to be culturally rooted early. This is why the processes of recruiting, hiring, socializing and training new employees is critical, similar to Nike within Built to Change â€Å"the company fostered a â€Å"just do it† identity that was reflected in its structure, the people it hired†(p. 46). Once hired, the cultural foundation has been set and injection into the company’s system will receive little resistance making it simple to promote candid communications. Disregarding early processes may allow people to slip into the company who don’t fit the cultural mold and/or they are not properly adjusted into the system. These outcasts have a possibility of being rejected from the system resulting in employee turnover or a multitude of other problems. Recruiters can ensure recruits fit into the open communication culture by various techniques of evaluation, starting at first contact, including socializing events and interview processes. Events that require potential employees to socialize with current employees at their peer level will help evaluate their compatibility within the system and the employees. Employees administering interviews are encouraged to ask more behavioral questions rather than job function related questions. This will also ensure that new candidates are on the right path to successful transplant into the company. Once hired, new employees are to be indoctrinated with the concept of free speech. In order to build relationships and foster vertical communication, all new employees regardless of position, are to attend a high level onboarding training that is done within one large room. Next they participate in a communication building scavenger hunt requiring them to find and speak to certain individuals within the organization. The new employees are then paired with existing employees in their own department for 3-6 months because it typically takes a while for employees to become situated and comfortable in their new environment. By training employees in this way you guarantee little deviation from expected culture and instill the free speech initiative, making it easier to have candid conversations. People tend to respond positively to change when they receive recognition from managers. Displaying exceptional behavior is often overlooked leading employees to believe that the attribute is not exceptional or essential to success. When establishing a system for rewarding positive behaviors, especially those that revolve around the core values and candid communication, the rewards need to be in high regard to the employee and not necessarily monetary, Microsoft shows this in Built to Change when it â€Å"employees have challenging work and, of course, one of the most highly rewarding stock plans around†¦. hereby attracted some of the country’s top software engineers and marketing geniuses†(p. 47). Equally important within the innovation process is having more time to develop new ideas shown in Built to Change 3M’s â€Å"policies and practices that give employees time to experiment, and its reward system recognizes innovative work† (p. 39). The rewards and time provided for ideas generated will bring about open communication but would be ultimately ineffective in the event that there isn’t a way to evaluate these ideas and innovations. Therefore a committee consisting of white and blue collar workers should be assembled to evaluate and investigate ideas that are submitted for validity or cost effectiveness. To instill a culture that embraces and utilizes open communication candidly the company must have a way to promote and judge the performance of the changes. A committee will be formed in order to set goals, establish who will be in charge, schedule mingling events, enrich communications and ultimately ensure that this initiative isn’t forgotten. The mingling events would serve as a tool to not only build relationships between employees, breaking down communication barriers, but to strengthen and reinforce ties to the company. Some examples of the events would include speed mentoring, company picnics, benefit fairs, blood drives and fundraising events. Next the committee would be responsible for enriching communications throughout the company by fostering goodwill, laying out company-wide changes and compiling and maintaining the medium for communication disbursement. Mediums of communication can vary from newsletters, memos, banners or blogs. In Corporate Culture and Performance, Tandem Computers practices this by displaying achievements â€Å"are regularly recognized on bulletin boards as Our Latest Greatests†(p. 16). Communication transmitted must be professional to avoid wasting time across the organization. Some additional information, including information about the CEO’s family, may be added to show that she is human and the message is genuine. The committee would also explain new product information, organizational issues that might be confusing and benefit changes that might seem to only benefit the employer. By doing this managers can build rapport to increase employee understanding of the company, products, ethics, culture, and external environment, showing that the managers are not hiding information. This builds trust and fosters open communication. In order to facilitate information sharing, the company must utilize various ways of mentoring. Level mentoring should be skipped so that employees get an opportunity to meet with someone above the direct management. Reverse mentoring will be also instilled in the company as the younger person might have some fresh ideas and new tools. Sometimes, a new set of ideas might be the solution to a lingering issue in the company. Training sessions are organized by putting the management and employees on the same teams. Likewise, large group information sessions are implemented to talk about issues related to employees with management information similar to Merck’s communication meetings that are held three times a year. These meetings will have the full support of upper management and are used to open communication, improve the flow of information among all levels of management and to provide employees with information they need to do their jobs better. There could also be an improvement in information sharing by having no doors on offices or no physical barriers between management and lower level employees. Honda and Harley Davidson have an open door policy as described in Built to Change (p. 9). The company should clearly define fair policies and procedures. This will help the employees to know what is expected of them. If employees know what the company expects, it is easier for them to be accountable for their own behavior and contribute accordingly. Clear guidelines for professional conduct will be established by the company so that co-workers treat each other with respect regardless of their position in the company. Also, a process of performance review system will be implemented to ensure the employees are promoting the company’s value structure. A 360 degree review process will be utilized by the company which will help to provide on-going feedbacks to all the employees. This will enable all the subordinates, peers and supervisors to have their input towards the company. This will also help to assess all employees on a continual basis on how they are performing to business needs as well as adapting to the values of the company. The results from these reviews can be used to make administrative decisions as well as to plan for training and development in the future. The company should also not sway from their core values no matter what, as described in Built to Change (p. 4) in the Southwest Airlines example. This will enable the employees to stay loyal and feel comfortable knowing that their jobs are stable. Finally, the company will provide proper benefits to the employees including fair pay based on individual performance, team performance and seniority so that the employees feel valued. A proper organic organization structure will be designed to empower people and allowing them to make their own decisions. This will make the employees accountable with their decisions. A flatter organization structure will be designed in order to enable employees to speak freely to higher levels of management for advice. This will also enhance the mentoring process and help to build effective relationships. After assessing the culture and gathering input, the company should identify the system, policies and procedures that must be either changed or implemented to support the new culture. The new infrastructure should address role expectations, accountability, rewards and selection systems. The company will also have defined job descriptions and encourage people to switch departments so that employees won’t feel pigeon-holed. In other words, the company will also allow mobility within the organization in order to get the most out of their employees and employees will be more flexible. The employees should also understand other roles and jobs in the company to be able to relate to them and provide input for improvements. The company will focus more on team based design that will eventually help to elevate individual performance in the company. Individuals in the company will be cross trained or conditioned in order to improve the overall performance of the whole team. Although the word â€Å"team† is heavily used in the industry today, teams often play a major role in initiating organizational change. A cross functional team design will create mutual accountability for results and joint ownerships of work products. Above all, a properly designed organic organization structure will positively impact the ability to focus, directly affects the communication channels and empowers people by giving the employees a drive to make their own decisions. Question 3: While designing and implementing an effective, company-wide communication structure is vitally important, the activities performed by leaders at all levels are paramount to sustaining an effective communication culture. Managers are the face of your company’s culture and their interactions with their direct reports will be the frontlines of the company’s culture battles. Beginning with the hiring process, managers must be mindful that they are not only assessing the potential hire’s technical skills and abilities, but also their fit within the culture. They must abide by and practice recruiting and hiring techniques that will reasonably ensure that the company is hiring candidates that will express the desired behavior and align with the culture. These techniques could include maintaining relationships with contacts at local universities and recruiting firms. If these contacts are familiar with your company and culture they could aid in providing a stream of potential new hires and would be able to â€Å"pre-screen† for cultural fit. Mangers should openly discuss the company’s culture and ask explicit questions regarding how the potential hire feels he/she will fit within the culture. This will set cultural expectations of open and candid communication with all interviewees long before any are hired. Also, managers should use behavioral type interview questions to test the candidate’s attitudes, trust and ability to speak freely. Additionally, the interviews should be conducted by employees of varying levels of the company, both managers and non-mangers, with a single manager soliciting feedback from all other interviewers regarding their assessment of the recruit. Once potential employees are deemed to be a cultural fit and are hired it is important to continue the initiation process into the culture. Managers need to immediately begin teaching new employees about the open communication culture and submerging them in it. The Container Store, for example, submits all new hires to a weeklong orientation in which they are taught the inner workings and philosophy of the company (FoE, pg. 75). Socialization techniques can be utilized to build the relationships between the new and established employees, understanding that well socialized employees are more likely to share information freely. Managers can organize gatherings of new and current employees to introduce the new hires to their co-workers. Examples would be ice cream or pizza socials in which ice-breaker type games are used to introduce and socialize new hires to their peers. Mangers can also take new hires to lunch with a small group of their fellow employees in an effort to socialize the new employee in an environment outside the workplace. An emphasis should be made at these types of gatherings to learn about the employee’s life outside of the work environment. Other practices like a mentoring or buddy system could also be utilized to engage the new employee in an open communication culture. The focus of these activities should be to build trust and a sense of value within the new hire. Employees that perceive themselves as being valued and have strong trust relationships with their direct reports and co-workers are more likely to give of themselves, that is, to invest their â€Å"heads and hearts† with your company. While recruiting and initiating new hires into the culture is vital, most of a leader’s time will be spent maintaining the open communication culture. These tasks can be broken down into activities that build relationships, empower employees and provide reviews and feedback. Mangers should spend a considerable amount of time getting to know and nurture relationships with their direct reports. Leaders should adopt a Management by Wondering Around system where managers spend time with employees getting to know what they are doing, how they are doing it, what kind of problems they are facing, and what help is required to solve the problems (Dynamic Business Strategy, info from Vick). This type of communication should be seen as an integral part of managing people, not as an additional burden to a manager’s already busy schedule. An open-door policy should be utilized so that managers are available to their employees as much as possible. Leaders should also maintain a database of employee birthdays and employment anniversaries and recognize these occasions with cards and/or gifts. Management could also hold monthly get-togethers to celebrate the birthdays, anniversaries and milestones that occurred that month. Managers should be encouraged to spend time with their direct reports outside the work environment. Informal gatherings like lunches and happy hours could be utilized to get to know direct reports on a more personal level. Managers should hold occasional casual days in which employees are allowed to wear themed casual attire like university t-shirts to kick off football season or Hawaiian shirts at the start of summer. Additionally, leaders could send out daily or weekly e-mails informing employees of what is going on around the company.